Get Informations about Sudan

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CHRONOLOGY-Key events during Sudan's 21-year civil war
أهم أحداث الحرب الأهلية خلال 21 سنة
Following is a chronology of some of the main events since Sudan's civil war began 21 years ago:
فيما يلي تسلسل لأهم الأحداث منذ أشتعال الحرب الأهلية في السودان

1983 - The government, dominated by northern Arabs, adopts aspects of Islamic sharia law and later martial law. Relations with mostly animist and Christian south deteriorate.
في عام 1983 م. سن النظام قوانين الشريعة الأسلامية .وبعدها قانون المؤسسة العسكرية...مما أشعل الفتنة في نفوس كل المسيحيين.

1983-84 - Rebels organise Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) and its political arm, Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM).
تكونت الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان في عام 1983-1984

April/May 1986 - Sadiq al-Mahdi becomes prime minister and starts three years of chaotic coalition government.
في أبريل /مايو 1986 أنتخب الصادق المهدي رئيسا للوزراء وقد قضي ثلاث سنوات من الحكم الأئتلافي .
June 30, 1989 - Lieutenant-General Omar Hassan al-Bashir takes power in bloodless coup.
وفي 30 يونيو 1989 سيطر العسكري عمر حسن أحمد البشير علي السلطة بأنقلاب أبيض.

Jan 1, 1992 - Bashir announces return to civilian rule.
وفي الأول من يناير 1992 م. أعلن عمر البشير الرجوع الي القوانين المدنية.
1992 - Government offensive seizes southern territory, including the SPLA headquarters at Torit.
قامت الحكومة بالهجوم المسلح علي منطقة توريت التي تمثل أدارة الحركة الشعبية عام 1992م.
May 1994 - Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), a regional conflict-solving body, urges self-determination for the south. Khartoum quits IGAD talks.
قامت منظمة الأيقاد( وهي منظمة تضم مجموعة من دول شرق أفريقيا ) - الترجمة - قامت بمبادرة أختراح الحل تقرير المصير لأبناء الجنوب.
March 1996 - Elections keep Bashir in power.
في عام 1996 أجريت أنتخابات أعادت عمر البشير للسلطة.
April 1997 - Khartoum signs deal with South Sudan Independence Movement and other rebel groups, isolating SPLA.
وفي أبريل عام 1997م. وقعت الحكومة أتفاقية مع مجموعة من الجنوبيين بدون الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان.
Aug 1997 - Government, facing military losses and regional isolation, says it will return to the IGAD process.
وفي أغسطس 1997 تلقت الحكومة خسائر فادحة وقررت الرجوع الي مبدأ الأيقاد في حل النزاع.
Oct 29, 1997 - Peace talks open in Nairobi.
بدأت محادثات السلام في نيروبي في 29 /10/1997.
Nov 4, 1997 - United States imposes sweeping economic sanctions on Sudan, accusing it of sponsoring terrorism.
وفي 4 نوفمبر 1997 فرضت الولايات المتحدة عقوبات أقتصادية علي السودان بحجة أنه متورط في الأعمال الأرهابية.
Dec 1999 - Bashir removes Islamist ideologue Hassan al-Turabi, formerly his chief ally, from positions of power.
في ديسمبر 1999م. قام عمر البشير بأقالة المنظر الأسلامي حسن الترابي من منصبه ...لينفرد بالسلطة.
Feb 2000 - Talks resume but end after five days when rebels accuse Sudan of indiscriminate attacks on civilians.
فبراير 2000م. توقفت محادثات السلام بسبب أتهام الحركة بشن الحكومة هجمات علي المدنيين.
Feb 2001 - Turabi arrested for signing deal with rebels.
فبراير 2001م.تم أعتقال حسن الترابي لأنه شرع في توقيع أتفاقية مع المتمردين .(الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان) - المترجم.
Sept 28, 2001 - United Nations lifts five-year-old sanctions against Sudan. Unilateral U.S. sanctions remain in force.
وفي 28 سبتمبر 2001م.علقت الأمم المتحدة العقوبات المفروضة علي السودان منذ 5 سنوات.
2002:

July 20 - Five weeks of talks in Machakos, Kenya, yield government-SPLM deal on key issues of religion and self-determination. They sign the "Machakos protocol".
في 20 يوليو تم توقيع برتكول بين الحكومة والحركة الشعبية في مشاكوس بكينيا حول الدين وحق تقرير المصير.
July 27 - Bashir meets rebel chief John Garang for first time, but negotiations collapse in September after rebels seize strategic garrison town of Torit.
وفي 27 يوليو التقي لأول مرة العقيد جون قرنق مع الرئيس البشير , ولكن أستأنف القتال في سبتمبر من نفس العام بعد أن حاصر جيش الحركة مدينة توريت .
Oct 15 - Government and SPLM sign ceasefire for duration of latest round of peace talks, the first such truce.
وفي 15 أكتوبر وقع الطرفين علي وقف أطلاق النار بينهما لأستئناف المحادثات.
2003:

Jan 27 - Sudanese rebels say government captures southern town of Ler in renewed fighting, contravening ceasefire terms.
وفي 27 يونيو 2003م.أتهمت الحركة الحكومة بخرق وقف أطلاق النار والسيطرة علي مدينة ليــــر بخطوة لأستئناف القتال .
Sept 25 - Government and SPLA sign security deal, clearing a major stumbling block in peace talks.
وفي 25 سبتمبر وقعا أتفاق للسلام يوضح الخطوط العريضة لمشروع أتفاق نهائي.
Oct 13 - Government releases Islamist leader Turabi.
وتم أطلاق الدكتور حسن الترابي في 13 أكتوبر2003م
2004:

Jan 7 - Government and rebels sign accord on how to share the country's wealth when war ends.
وفي 7 يناير عام 2004 م. وقع الطرفين علي برتكول حول تقاسم الثروة بعد أنتهاء الحرب
May 26 - Government and SPLA sign three protocols resolving outstanding issues, clearing way for full peace deal.
26 مايو 2004م. وقع الطرفين ثلاث برتكولات حول البنود العالقة وكيفية أجراء حوار لسلام شامل ودائم.
Nov 19 - Government, SPLA sign pledge in front of all 15 U.N. Security Council members meeting in Kenya to end war by Dec 31.
19 نوفمبر وقع الطرفين أتفاقية أمام مجلس الأمن في كينيا لأنهاء الحرب في 31 ديسمبر .
Dec 31 - Government and SPLM sign final two chapters of peace accord, paving the way for ceremony in January at which government and rebel leaders will sign a comprehensive peace agreement, signing for the first time all eight peace protocols agreed earlier by junior colleagues
وفي الموعد المحدد وقعا الأتفاقية في نيفاشا وهي العمل بكل البرتكولات التي تم توقيعها . وذلك لأول مرة في تاريخ الحرب التي أستمرت 21 عاما.
المصدر SUDAN TRIBUNE
ترجمة ودالشقلة

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Sudan: John Garang says peace agreement Christmas, New Year gift
السودان :
قال العقيد جون قرنق أن توقيع السلام هو هدية في عيد ميلاد المسيح وهدية للعام الجديد.


Rebel Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) John Garang (L) addresses the crowd next to Sudanese First Vice President Ali Osman Mohamed Taha (R) at the signing ceremony for the last two of eight peace protocols in Naivasha on December 31, 2004.
القائد للحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان العقيد جون قرنق والنائب الأول علي عثمان محمد طه يوقعا أمام الرئيس عمر البشير علي آخر برتكولين لأحلال السلام في نيفاشا 31ديسمبر 2004م.

[ودالشقلة]

1
المبادي العامة
1. General Principles:

The Parties agree on the following, as the basis for political, administrative, economic and social solution to the conflict in Southern Kordofan/Nuba Mountains and Blue Nile:

1.1. Human rights and fundamental freedoms shall be guaranteed to all individuals in the State as prescribed in the Interim National Constitution;

1.2. The diverse cultural heritage and local languages of the population of the State shall be developed and protected;

1.3. Development of human resources and infrastructure shall be the main goal of the State. It shall be conducted to meet human needs in accordance with the best-known practices of sustainable development within a transparent and accountable framework.

2. Definition of the Two Areas:

2.1. The boundaries of Southern Kordofan/Nuba Mountains State shall be the same boundaries of former Southern Kordofan Province when Greater Kordofan was sub-divided into two provinces.

2.2. For the purpose of this Protocol, Blue Nile State shall be understood as referring to the presently existing Blue Nile State.

3. Popular Consultation:

The Government of Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (the Parties), committed to reaching a just, fair and comprehensive peace agreement to end the war in Southern Kordofan/Nuba Mountains and Blue Nile States, agree on the following:-
3.1. Popular consultation is a democratic right and mechanism to ascertain the views of the people of Southern Kordofan/Nuba Mountains and Blue Nile States on the comprehensive agreement reached by the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement.

3.2. That this comprehensive agreement shall be subjected to the will of the people of the two States through their respective democratically elected legislatures.

3.3. That the legislatures of the two States shall each establish a Parliamentary Assessment and Evaluation Commission to assess and evaluate the implementation of the agreement in each State. The two Commissions shall submit their reports to the legislatures of the two States by the fourth year of the signing of the comprehensive Peace Agreement.

3.4. An independent Commission shall be established by the Presidency to assess and evaluate the implementation of the comprehensive Peace Agreement in each of the two States. The Commission shall submit its reports to the National Government and the Governments of the two States who shall use the reports to rectify any procedure that needs to be rectified to ensure faithful implementation of the Agreement.

3.5. Once this agreement is endorsed by the people through the legislature of any of the two States as meeting their aspirations, then the agreement becomes the final settlement of the political conflict in that State.
3.6. Should any of the legislatures of the two States, after reviewing the Agreement, decide to rectify, within the framework of the Agreement, any shortcomings in the constitutional, political and administrative arrangements of the Agreement, then such legislature shall engage in negotiations with the National Government with the view of rectifying these shortcomings.

يتبع

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4. Structure of the State Government:

4.1. The State shall have the following structure:-

4.2 The State Executive, which shall comprise of:-
4.2.1 The State Governor;
4.2.2 The State Council of Ministers; and
4.2.3 Local Governments.

4.3 The State Legislature (SL).

4.4 The State Judiciary.

5. The State Executive:

5.1. The Governor of the State shall be directly elected by the registered voters of the State in a public adult suffrage.

5.2. The Governor shall appoint the ministers and the commissioners of the state in accordance with the State Interim Constitution. The State Council of Ministers shall be representative.

5.3. The Governor shall, together with the State Council of Ministers, exercise the Executive Powers of the State which shall be in respect of the functional areas listed in Schedules A and B, read together with Schedule C, attached hereto, and in accordance with the State Interim Constitution.

5.4. The State Council of Ministers shall be accountable to the Governor and the State Legislature in the performance of their duties.
5.5. The State shall have commissioners and elected local councils. The organization and proper functioning of the Local Governments shall be the responsibility of the Government of the State.

5.6 There shall be State Security Committee to be chaired by the Governor of the State. The Committee shall include, among others, the Military Commander of the area, his Deputy, the Director of the State Police and Director of the State National Security Branch.

5.7 Without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph 5.6 above, the Governor of the State may demand the transfer of the Director of the National Security Branch from the State.

5.8 The State Police Service shall adhere to the National standards and regulations as set forth by National Police Service.

5.9 Police, Prisons, Wildlife and Fire Brigade Officers shall be recruited by the State Service according to the National standards, trained and commissioned nationally and returned to the State for service. The other ranks shall be locally recruited to serve within the State. Recruitment and training regulations shall be designed and standardized by the National Police Service.

5.10 Without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph 5.9 above, the National Authority may agree with the State Authority to transfer any number of police officers from the State police to the National Police Service whenever necessary.

5.11 The State Authority may request the National Authority to transfer to the State any number of police officers to fill any vacancies in the State.

6. The State Legislature:
6.1. Members of the State Legislature (SL) shall be elected by the registered voters of the State in accordance with the State Law and in conformity with the general guidelines as set forth by electoral provisions as set forth by the National Electoral Commission.

6.2. The State Legislature shall prepare and adopt the State Constitution, provided that it shall conform to the Interim National Constitution.

6.3. The Governor of the State shall sign any law duly approved by the State Legislature, failing which, after thirty (30) days it shall be deemed to have been signed into law, unless the Governor has submitted the law to the Constitutional Court for a ruling on its constitutionality. If the Constitutional Court finds the law constitutional, the Governor shall immediately sign such law.

6.4. The State Legislature shall legislate for the state within its legislative powers as stipulated in schedule (A) attached herewith.

6.5. State laws currently applicable in the State shall continue until new legislation is duly enacted by the SL within its competence.

6.6. The State Legislature shall decide its own rules, procedures, and committees, and elect its Speaker and other officers.

6.7. The State Legislature may relieve the Governor of the State of his/her functions by a motion supported by two-thirds of its membership.

6.8. Members of the State Legislature and the State Executive shall have such immunities as are provided by law.

7. The State Courts:

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7.1. The structures and powers of the courts of the States shall be subject to the Interim National Constitution.

7.2. The State Constitution shall provide for the establishment of such state courts as are necessary.

7.3. The State Legislature shall provide for the appointment and dismissal of state appointed judges, subject to the State Constitution and the approval of the National Judicial Service Commission.

7.4. The State legislations shall provide for guarantees for the independence and impartiality of the State judiciary and ensures that state judges shall not be subject to political or other interference.

7.5. The state courts shall have civil and criminal jurisdiction in respect of State and National Laws, save that a right of appeal shall lie to the National Courts in respect of matters brought before or heard under National laws.

7.6. The National Legislature shall determine the civil and criminal procedures to be followed in respect of litigation or prosecution under National laws in accordance with the Interim National Constitution.

8. The State Share in the National Wealth:

8.1. The National wealth shall be shared equitably between different levels of Government so as to allow enough resources for each level of Government to exercise its constitutional competencies.

8.2. The States shall raise and collect taxes and revenues as listed in Schedule (D), annexed herewith.
8.3. Oil producing state is entitled to two percent (2%) of the oil produced in that state, as specified in the Wealth Sharing Agreement.

8.4. The state shall be represented in the Fiscal and Financial Allocation and Monitoring Commission, which shall ensure transparency and fairness in regard to allocation of the share due to the state from the Nationally collected revenues and ensure that allocations due to the state are not withheld.

8.5. The general objective of the National Reconstruction and Development Fund (NRDF) is to develop the war affected areas and least developed areas in the Sudan with the aim of bringing these areas to the national average standards and level of development.

8.6. In allocating the funds to the war-affected areas and least developed areas, NRDF shall use the effects of war and level of development as the main criteria. The Parties agree to allocate seventy-five percent (75%) of the total fund to the war-affected areas, particularly to Southern Kordofan/Nuba Mountains and Blue Nile States, while the remaining balance shall be earmarked to the least developed areas.

8.7. The allocation of funds among the areas affected shall be determined during the Pre-Interim Period by the Joint National Transition Team (JNTT) that shall be established as agreed to in the Wealth Sharing Agreement, within the agreed percentages as in the above paragraph, taking into consideration the actual needs based on the results of Joint Assessment Mission.

8.8. The Fiscal and Financial Allocation and Monitoring Commission (FFAMC), as agreed to in the Wealth Sharing Agreement, shall allocate current transfers to Southern Kordofan/Nuba Mountains, Blue Nile and other war-affected areas and least developed areas according to the following criteria:-

8.8.1. Population;
8.8.2. Minimum expenditure responsibilities;Human Development Index / Social Indicators (social development factor);
8.8.4. Geographical area (cost disability factor);
8.8.5. Fiscal effort (internal revenue effort); and
8.8.6. The effect of war factor.

8.9. In addition to the budgetary allocations and the two states’ share in the NRDF, the President shall allocate an amount of money to each of the two states.

8.10 The Parties agree to appeal to the donor community to provide technical assistance to the FFAMC to develop comprehensive equalization criteria.

8.11. The states shall hold all income and revenue received in audited public accounts and shall comply with the regulations and auditing standards set by the Chamber of the Auditor General, who may audit the state’s accounts.

8.12. There shall be no impediment to interstate commerce or the flow of goods and services, capital, or labour to and from the state.

8.13 Any debts/liabilities incurred by any level of government shall be the responsibility of that level of government.

8.14 There shall be a fair and equitable division of government assets. An asset shall in the first instance be allocated to the level of government responsible for the function in respect of which the asset is related (e.g., school buildings to the level of government responsible for education). In the event of a dispute, the Parties agree that such dispute shall be referred to a committee comprising a representative of each of the Parties involved in the dispute and a mutually agreed expert.

8.15 There shall be at the State’s level accounting standards, procedures and fiscal accountability institutions operating in accordance with generally accepted accounting standards and procedures to ensure that funds to the agreed Government budget and properly expended having regard to value for money.

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. State Land Commission:

9.1. The regulation of the land tenure, usage and exercise of rights in land shall be a concurrent competency exercised by the National and State Governments.

9.2. Rights in land owned by the National Government within the State shall be exercised through the appropriate or designated level of government.

9.3. There shall be established a State Land Commission in the State of Southern Kordofan/Nuba Mountains and Blue Nile, respectively.

9.4. The State Land Commission shall be composed of persons from the State concerned.

9.5. The State Land Commission shall exercise all the powers of the National Land Commission at the State level.

9.6. The State Land Commission shall be competent to review existing land leases and contracts and examine the criteria for the present land allocations and recommend to the State authority the introduction of such necessary changes, including restitution of land rights or compensation.

9.7. The National Land Commission and the State Land Commission shall cooperate and coordinate their activities so as to use their resources efficiently. Without limiting the matters of coordination, the National Land Commission and the State Land Commission may agree as follows:-

9.7.1. To exchange information and decisions of each Commission;
9.7.2. That certain functions of the National Land Commission, including collection of data and research, may be carried out through the State Land Commission; and
9.7.3. On the way in which any conflict between the findings or recommendations of each Commission may be resolved.

9.8. In case of conflict between the findings and recommendations of the National Land Commission and the State Land Commission which cannot be resolved by agreement, the two Commissions shall reconcile their positions. Failure to reconcile, the matter shall be referred to the Constitutional Court for adjudication.


10. Security Arrangements:

10.1 Without prejudice to the Agreement on the Security Arrangements and the right of Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) Command to deploy forces all over North Sudan as it deems fit, SAF troop levels in Southern Kordofan/Nuba Mountains and Blue Nile during the Interim Period shall be determined by the Presidency.

11. Pre-Election Arrangements:


11.1. As part of pre-election arrangements, the Parties agree on the following:-

11.1.1. The Executive and Legislature in the two states shall be allocated as follows:-

(a) Fifty-five Percent (55%) to the National Congress Party;
(b) Forty-five Percent (45%) to the SPLM.

11.1.2. There shall be rotational governorship in the two states with each Party holding the Office of Governor for half of the pre-election period in each of the two statesNo one Party is to hold the Governorship in both states at the same time.
11.1.4. The office of Deputy Governor is to be allocated to the Party that is not presently occupying the Office of Governor.
11.1.5. The Parties are to decide upon the signature of the comprehensive Peace Agreement the time and order in which each party assumes the Governorship in each state.

11.2 Pending general elections, and as part of affirmative action, the Parties agree that Southern Kordofan/Nuba Mountains and Blue Nile States shall be adequately represented in National Institutions targeting a percentage not less than the ratio of their popul
11.1.3. No one Party is to hold the Governorship in both states at the same time.
11.1.4. The office of Deputy Governor is to be allocated to the Party that is not presently occupying the Office of Governor.
11.1.5. The Parties are to decide upon the signature of the comprehensive Peace Agreement the time and order in which each party assumes the Governorship in each state.

11.2 Pending general elections, and as part of affirmative action, the Parties agree that Southern Kordofan/Nuba Mountains and Blue Nile States shall be adequately represented in National Institutions targeting a percentage not less than the ratio of their population size.

[hamam]

Sudan
Location: Northern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Egypt and Eritrea Geographic coordinates: 15 00 N, 30 00 E Map references: Africa Area: total: 2,505,810 sq km land: 2.376 million sq km water: 129,810 sq km Areaâcomparative: slightly more than one-quarter the size of the US Land Boundaries: total: 7,687 km border countries: Central African Republic 1,165 km, Chad 1,360 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 628 km, Egypt 1,273 km, Eritrea 605 km, Ethiopia 1,606 km, Kenya 232 km, Libya 383 km, Uganda 435 km Coastline: 853 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 18 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation territorial sea: 12 nm Climate: tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April to October) Terrain: generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in east and west . Elevation extremes: lowest point: Red Sea 0 m highest point: Kinyeti 3,187 m . Natural resources: petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold . Land use: arable land: 5% permanent crops: 0% permanent pastures: 46% forests and woodland: 19% other: 30% (1993 est.) Irrigated land: 19,460 sq km (1993 est.) . Natural hazards: dust storms EnvironmentÃCurrent issues: inadequate supplies of potable water; wildlife populations threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification Environmentà International agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements GeographyÃ
Note: largest country in Africa; dominated by the Nile and its tributaries People [Top of Page] Population: 34,475,690 (July 1999 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 45% (male 7,941,909; female 7,614,225) 15-64 years: 53% (male 9,094,712; female 9,061,194) 65 years and over: 2% (male 423,389; female 340,261) (1999 est.) Population growth rate: 2.71% (1999 est.) Birth rate: 39.34 births/1,000 population (1999 est.) Death rate: 10.6 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.) Net migration rate: -1.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.24 male(s)/female total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (1999 est.) Infant mortality rate: 70.94 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 56.4 years male: 55.41 years female: 57.44 years (1999 est.) Total fertility rate: 5.58 children born/woman (1999 est.) Nationality: noun: Sudanese (singular and plural) adjective: Sudanese Ethnic groups: black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1% Religions: Sunni Muslim 70% (in north), indigenous beliefs 25%, Christian 5% (mostly in south and Khartoum)
منقول

[ودالشقلة]

indigenous beliefs may be more than 25% and this evaluation have some wrong in the population of foreigners,which may became more than 1%.

[hamam]

You are right man ! But this records may taken from 1999s recods. Thank you Wadalshiglah.

[ودالشقلة]

O.K
I HAVE ONLY ONE QUESTION THAT HOW MANY SUDANESE OUT OF OUR BORDER NOW DAYS ? SPECIALLY THOSE WHO ARE LIVING IN THE NEIGHOUR COUNTRIES.

[hamam]

dear wad alshiglah
The immegrates almost 8 milions,accordig to U.N Reports.
This situation is due to war and starvation,and the goverment rong policies.
Do you agree to this?

[hamam]

Oh very nice Wad alshiglah
Its realy cosiderable effort that you explain the history of war and the agreements between S.P.L.A and government. God pless you man. Please dont give up and cocetrate on social efficts of Salvation Revolution eara.

[ودالشقلة]

Thanks for surveying what i wrote from SUDAN TRIBUNE & my trial for translation.
So ، the effects of salvation era need more trial that iam very sure you could concentrate on Economics issues that help us explain our dilemmas nowdays.
please ceaselessly come here and participate Economically.

[ودالشقلة]

Why not and Statistice is the part of Economics in which you are Expert.
Thanks very much for such benefitable information.

[hamam]

Thanks so much my friend .I will be the one who participate to gain the binifitable informations from you .You are realy incridble person I had ever met.Dont deprive me from your wounderfull comments .See you soon .

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The Sudanese government and two rebel groups have agreed on ground rules for efforts to resolve the conflict in the troubled Western region of Darfur.
They signed a declaration of principles after four weeks of hard negotiations in the Nigerian capital, Abuja.

The principles include democracy and devolution. But African mediators warn that formidable challenges remain.

About 180,000 people have been killed and more than two million made homeless since the conflict began in early 2003.

The Khartoum government and Arab militias have been accused of widespread atrocities against black Africans in Darfur.

A recent United Nations report stopped short of saying the authorities and their militia allies carried out a genocide, but it did say war crimes had been committed
bbc منقول

[nazeer]

When the last agreement will finish ?

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World rushes to rescue of fragile post-Garang Sudan
from SUDAN.NET

[أبن مدني]

It was a fantastic moment that time.

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John Garang was a government army officer sent to quell a mutiny of 500 southern troops who were resisting orders to be shipped north. It took him 22 years to come back.

Thus began the story of the Sudan People's Liberation Army, which fought one of Africa's longest-running wars between the Christian and animist South and the Muslim, Arab-speaking North.

Instead of following his superiors' orders, Mr Garang went on to encourage mutinies in other garrisons and set himself at the head of the rebellion against the Khartoum government
Between 1983 and the peace agreement signed in January 2005, Sudan's civil war took nearly two million lives and left millions more displaced.

The war officially ended and John Garang was appointed first vice-president - a position he held for only three weeks before he was killed in a helicopter crash.

Dodging bullets

With his beard, bulky physique, and jet-black skin of his Dinka ethnic group, he came across as one of the most complicated rebels on a continent that has seen every shade of self-proclaimed revolutionaries and liberators.

The rebel leader with a PhD in Agricultural Economics from the United States spent his early and middle life in the bush planning to blow up oil wells.

Despite his being at the centre of the Sudan conflict for so long, very little was known about Mr Garang the man
He was, at best, described as a difficult man caught up in a complicated war.

"Becoming Vice President after 22 years leading a guerrilla army in the bush John Garang was an expert in survival: someone who knew how to bend with the wind yet maintain his political objectives, someone who knew how to seem all things to all men," says Peter Moszynski, a Sudan specialist who covered the war for many years.

"Above all he was someone who understood the cardinal rule of political longevity: keep your friends close but your enemies closer...

[ودالشقلة]

"He was also one of the few senior southerners who really believed in the concept of a united Sudan and his passing will greatly strengthen the call for secession"

Gill Lusk - deputy editor of Africa Confidential and a Sudan specialist who interviewed the ex-guerrilla leader several times over the years - described Mr Garang as a proud man.

"He's a man with charisma and his leadership qualities are quite obvious," Ms Lusk told the BBC News website.

"He's very much a professional military man, a man who believes he's clever.

"He likes grand ideas, and has a great sense of humour - at least among his people."

Blowing horns

John Garang was born in 1945 into the southern Dinka group famous for worshipping the sky, playing music on ram's horns and their love of roast meat.

His family was Christian and he went on to study in the United States.

He studied at Grinnell College, Iowa, and later returned to the US for military training at Fort Benning, Georgia.

Mr Garang's first taste of guerrilla warfare was at the start of the civil war with the southern-based Anya Anya movement in 1962.

Ten years later, the Khartoum government signed a deal with Anya Anya and the south became a self-governing region.

Mr Garang and others were absorbed in the government army and moved to Khartoum.

But five years after oil was discovered in southern Sudan in 1978, the civil war erupted again - this time involving the government forces and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement, SPLM, and its military wing, the SPLA.

The ideological profile of SPLA was as shadowy as Mr Garang himself.
He varied from Marxism to drawing support from Christian fundamentalists in the US.

There was always confusion on central issues such as whether the SPLA was fighting for independence for southern Sudan or merely more autonomy.

Friends and foes alike found the SPLA's human rights record in southern Sudan and Mr Garang's style of governance disturbing.

Murky world

"The SPLA has definitely changed quite a lot over the years for the better," Gill Lusk said as the war ground to a close.

"But in the past it was guilty of committing serious human rights violations in southern parts of the country.

"John Garang did not tolerate dissent and anyone who disagreed with him or the leadership was either imprisoned or killed."

In the murky world of guerrilla warfare, John Garang survived attempts on his life from those within and outside his movement.

"He outfoxed everyone else by being cunning, by staying one step ahead," says Peter Verney, editor of Sudan Update and Independent Information Services.

"You can tell by the type of security around him whenever he travels."

But he was credited for keeping the movement together through turbulent times.

By 1986 the SPLA was estimated to have 12,500 armed men, organized into 12 battalions and equipped with small arms and a few mortars, according to Sudan specialists who monitored the war.

By 1989 the SPLA's strength had reached 20,000 to 30,000 and rose to between 50,000 to 60,000 in 1991.

[ودالشقلة]

Statesman


Speaking before his death, Peter Verney said a new Garang had been emerging out of the ashes of Sudan's bloody war.

"He has been consistent," Mr Verney argued. "He has been carrying the hopes and aspirations of southern Sudanese - and he has known all along that they would ditch him if he didn't deliver."

"He was aloof before, very much to himself.

"But we are seeing him now becoming more approachable, becoming a politician, even a statesman.

"There is a new sense of dignity and openness about him - or perhaps just PR."

His premature death leaves an unfulfilled mission, and great uncertainty in the south.

[ودالشقلة]

He was one of the few senior southerners who really believed in the concept of a united Sudan هو من الجنوبيين القلة الذين يؤمنون بفكرة وحدة السودان

Peter Moszynski بيتر موزينسكي

AFRICAN NEWS

[ودالشقلة]

I hope everybody write and try to participate about PEACE in SUDAN , such subject means many ,many thing uo us as SUDANESE in NORTH and in SOUTH .

[أبن مدني]

Peace is the first step to develope my country or any project that u need to make.
So we have to strength this step to go on.

[nazeer]

Equality and Justice are the first step to gain peace.

[ودالشقلة]

The first Parliament members met yesterday after the agreement which held at KENYA last year.
So the members must concentrate on the PEACE ISSUES more than others in order to apply PEACE as a demand for Econamic and Political dilemma.

[victor]

hello fellow africans i want 2 use this oppurtinity 2 disscution about the need 4 sudanes people 2 keeep on struggling 2 democratic gorverment bicos is the best 4 the country intemidation can not make u stop the fight, he who fight and runs away, live 2 fight again fight 2 finish is th ebest fight thank u. 4rm victor Nigeria

[أبن مدني]

yes Mr Victor
well com here
Sudanese People always struggling against agressive regiem
Thanks for visiting us.

[ودالشقلة]

why we not look at African countries and start solving all proplem as suffering /illnutrition.....etc and we have to stand up for our rights all not only Sudanese people Whom refuse any kind of agressive and undemocratic government and made unbeleivable revolution at 1964 /1985 against military government and still fighting now for more democracy after the agreement in NIFASHA .
well come Mr. Victor in our site